Not all harmful practices are social norms or gender norms, and norm change is not always necessary to shift harmful behaviours and practices. Increased access to opportunities, services and infrastructure, and legislative and policy reforms can also help shift harmful behaviours. Even where social and gender norms are driving behaviour, they do not operate in isolation: they are not separate from structural inequalities and material realities. Norm change interventions should be included as part of a comprehensive, multisectoral approach to address gender-based violence and harmful practices across the socioecological model. Social and gender norm change requires contextual analysis, including an understanding of intersectional gender and power dynamics, informed by formative research on the specific behaviour in the setting where it occurs. Even if a specific harmful practice is not a norm (see definitions below), other harmful social and gender norms may still influence the behaviour. Norm diagnosis can help to determine whether a harmful practice is a norm, or if norms are a significant driver of the practice.